Since the substations are in a fixed line (distinct positions), and each is assigned one mode, the total number is exactly the number of such binary strings: 13.

Thu, 30 Apr 2026 02:11:35 +0000

Title: Understanding Substation Modes and Binary String Patterns: Why 13 Distinct Configurations Matter in Power Grids In modern electrical power grids, substations serve as critical control nodes that manage voltage transformation, power flow regulation, and system monitoring. A key operational principle is assigning a specific operational mode to each substation—typically binary (e.g., “on” or “off,” “active” or “standby”). When these substations are physically fixed in distinct, non-overlapping physical positions along transmission lines, and assigned one unique mode each, the number of possible distinct operational configurations forms a concise mathematical structure—precisely 13 unique binary strings. This article explores why exactly 13 binary strings characterize the total number of stable substation mode assignments under fixed positioning and one-mode-per-substation rules. ---